This book presents a synthesis of the author’s research in structural optimization, developed over more than ten years at ENSTP, Algiers. It promotes a rigorous, model-driven approach to structural design, focusing on optimizing objectives like material use and cost while meeting safety, stability, and code constraints. The work explores a wide range of optimization methods from classical to modern and applies them to real-world structures such as reinforced concrete, steel systems, and bridges. Both single- and multi-objective frameworks are discussed, with attention to constraint handling, uncertainty, and computational aspects. Practical case studies illustrate how these techniques improve design efficiency and structural performance. By combining theory and application, the book offers a valuable resource for engineers, researchers, and students aiming to integrate optimization into structural engineering practice.